Exceptions verified by the compiler at compile-time (e.g., IOException , SQLException ). The program must handle or declare these exceptions explicitly using try-catch blocks or the throws keyword.

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When multiple threads access shared resources simultaneously, data inconsistency occurs. Java solves this using the synchronized keyword, which locks a method or block to a single thread at a time. For cooperative execution, threads communicate using:

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Most courses teach threads linearly. Durga Sir’s notes are famous for the diagram (New, Runnable, Running, Waiting, Dead).

throws : Declared in method signatures to warn callers that the method might propagate specific checked exceptions. 5. Java Multithreading & Concurrency

Literals are constant values assigned to variables. Java supports four integral literal bases: Standard digits 0-9 . Binary (Base 2): Prefixed with 0b or 0B (e.g., 0b1010 ). Octal (Base 8): Prefixed with a leading 0 (e.g., 014 ). Hexadecimal (Base 16): Prefixed with 0x or 0X (e.g., 0XF ). 2. Operators and Flow Control